Japanese Americans experience acculturative change while retaining some elements of cultural identity. Differences in the patterning of personality needs among Japanese American women over time illustrate the balance of these two elements. Japanese American female undergraduates completed the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) in 1971…

The recent anthropological literature contains both linear and non-linear models of acculturation. The non-linear model assumes that acculturation generates biculturality, that is, the addition of a new culture to the old one, whereas the linear model involves replacement of the old culture by a new one. Biculturality in the non-linear model gives…