This essay provides a historical review of articulation and transfer in the United States, and suggests trends for the future. First, the terms articulation and transfer are defined as the totality of services for students transferring throughout higher education and the formulas developed to exchange credits, courses, and curricula, respectively.…

This book contains 22 background papers or research studies, which were commissioned in 1990 by the Royal Commission of Inquiry, Newfoundland (Canada), to assess the delivery of services in primary, elementary, and secondary education. Part 1, "Historical Features," includes: (1) "A Historical Overview of Developments in…

Selected documents representing major stages and issues in the development of the American community college are presented in this compilation in a largely chronological format. First, an introductory essay traces the development of the American two-year college, looking at the social forces which led to the establishment of the first junior…

Vietnam's program for elementary education is described in this study. Chapter One discusses the educational system in terms of its history, the general school system, education management bodies, management of Level I general education schools, training teachers of Level I general education schools, future tasks in teacher training, supervision…

The decision to create Great Britain's Open University and stages in the preparation of higher education reforms are considered. The current position of the Open University in relation to its original goals is also addressed, and the policy implementation process is examined to determine why the Open University achieved some of its original goals…

Current levels of federal and state support to increase access to higher education and the barriers now being faced are considered, based on a Higher Education Research Institute report. The postwar transition from elite to mass to universal higher education has been accompanied by major changes in government support. State governments have…

Historical perspectives on federal regulations are examined since 1958 along with five dilemmas that cause universities to improve university operations by reforms in current federal regulations. The National Defense Education Act of 1958 and the Higher Education Act (NDEA) of 1965 are often identified as two of the major milestones in the…

The proceedings include conference welcomes by Leon R. McCarrey and Peter J. Krueger, six papers, a list of conference participants, and proceedings of previous meetings. "Higher Education: Beacon or Mirror," by Keith Goldhammer, traces the history of higher education and its purposes, calling for renewed efforts to increase its quality…

Delineates the political movements and tensions within Austria that thwarted plans for comprehensive schooling and led to a decision in 1982 to abandon the idea of major, structural educational reform. Looks at reasons for the existence of the current selective school system and improvement measures being tried. (JHZ)

For a short period after the Civil War, Southern Blacks used their newfound political influence first to build schools and then to establish free and universal public education. Though White supremacists eventually overthrew Reconstruction governments, the Blacks' brief political involvement left an educational legacy vital to the survival and…

This book analyzes the emerging trend of the community college baccalaureate degree in the United States and Canada in order to contribute to the development of policy. The authors aim to describe, document, and explain this significant development in higher education. They present the background, examples of practice and different models of…

The United States Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is 30 years of age. IDEA affords individuals with physical or cognitive disabilities (through age 21) a free appropriate public education, an individualized education plan, and many accommodations in an attempt to include those with disabilities in the educational experience.…

This issue discusses the importance of the community college to higher education in the United States. Contained are six articles: (1) "America's Community Colleges: On the Ascent," by Arthur M. Cohen, which places the strengths and challenges of the American community college within a historical context; (2) "Lamps Beside the Golden Door," by…

The 336 citations on reform and innovation in higher education listed in this annotated bibliography include comparative studies, curriculum and teaching, democratization, economic aspects and planning, expansion and access, future trends, historical aspects, national policies, political and sociological analyses, structure and governance, and…

Chronicles the life of Mary McLeod Bethune and her commitment to the education of Black girls in the early twentieth century despite the overwhelming prejudices of the time. Discusses the American tradition in which both Black and White women used education as a means of advancing their cause and status. (JS)