There are racial/ethnic disparities associated with school punishment practices and academic progress. In addition, research suggests that urban schools have stricter school punishment practices and higher grade retention rates. What remains unknown, however, is the relationship between race/ethnicity, school punishment practices, and retention…

This study explores racial-ethnic identity and academic achievement of five young African American men in 11th and 12th grade in an urban pilot high school. Data gathered through individual and group interviews and a questionnaire were analyzed to understand how academically successful African American male adolescents interpret their social and…

Analyzes African-American and white females' plans for education for 4,573 high school seniors in 1980 from the High School and Beyond Survey. When other factors are controlled, African-American females have plans for higher levels of education, as do females from high-income families and those with mothers with more education. (SLD)