Qualitative and quantitative research has suggested that married couples handle the increasing demands of intensive parenting norms and work expectations by reducing spousal time (e.g., the time that spouses spend alone with each other). Using nationally representative time-diary data, this study examined whether married individuals with children…

Analysis of data from the 1988 International Social Science Survey examined attitudes toward the centrality of children in six European countries. Italians and Austrians had the most favorable attitudes toward children, Dutch respondents the least. Pronatalism was positively related to being ever-married with children, and negatively related to…