Sociologists have long used educational expectations to understand the complex mental processes underlying individuals' educational decision making. Yet, little research evaluates how students actually formulate their educational expectations. Status attainment theory asserts that students adopt their educational expectations early based on family…

This research focuses on immigration and youthful illegalities in the Toronto area, one of the world's most ethnically diverse global cities. While current research documents a negative relationship between crime and immigration, there is little attention to individual level mechanisms that explain the paths through which immigrant youth refrain…

Age at first birth is strongly and negatively associated with educational achievement. In addition, there is no evidence that early childbearers catch up with their childless age peers. However, whites seem to incur a greater educational decrement than blacks. (Author/GC)

The findings indicate that the legal drugs, such as hard liquor and tobacco, are strong precursors to illicit drug use. (Author)