Moderators of the well-established association between status and overt and relational aggression were tested in a four-year longitudinal sample (N = 358) of high school students. Self-perceptions of popularity were found to moderate the link between actual peer-perceived popularity and aggression, with adolescents who were both popular and aware of their popular status, scoring highest on peer-nominated aggression and showing the greatest increases in aggression over time. Self-perceptions of liking moderated the associations between social preference and aggression as well. Adolescents who saw themselves as disliked were particularly likely to show increases in aggression over time. The moderating effect of self-perceptions was further moderated by gender in several cases. Findings are discussed in light of Coie's theory of the development of peer status theory. The social-cognitive elements of high peer status, particularly of perceived popularity, are also highlighted.