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Scammacca, Nancy; Roberts, Greg; Stuebing, Karla K. – Review of Educational Research, 2014
Previous research has shown that treating dependent effect sizes as independent inflates the variance of the mean effect size and introduces bias by giving studies with more effect sizes more weight in the meta-analysis. This article summarizes the different approaches to handling dependence that have been advocated by methodologists, some of…
Descriptors: Meta Analysis, Research Design, Effect Size, Statistical Bias

O'Connor, Edward F., Jr. – Review of Educational Research, 1972
An examination of the weaknesses of the common statistical approaches suggests that change scores are unnecessary and often even inappropriate for statistical studies. Alternative statistical procedures are suggested. (Author/VW)
Descriptors: Correlation, Measurement Techniques, Research Design, Research Methodology