Presents Botswana's experience with a national literacy program as a model for the understanding of policies and implementation of national literacy programs. Concludes that, although the Botswana National Literacy Programme represents a significant effort in adult literacy education, a rapid increase in the literacy rate is unlikely. (KO)

Describes the aims of the external degree program at the University of Zambia and the courses available to external-degree students. Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of integrating the external-degree program into the academic functions of a conventional university, arguing that an alternative model is not practical at present. (GEA)