This explanatory sequential study examined and explored the understandings and perceptions a new cohort of K-12 teachers before and after they received Trauma Informed Care (TIC) training, which emphasized the prevention, recognition, and mitigation of secondary trauma (ST). TIC training is a requirement for all teachers. The study aimed at…

Seemingly small reading delays in early childhood have the potential to compound into more considerable reading difficulties later in childhood (Bast & Reitsma, 1998; Foster & Miller, 2007). Children growing up in at-risk households are especially vulnerable to falling behind in reading. The objective of this study was to explore the…

Although phonological awareness (PA) is an essential preliteracy skill with well-established predictive validity for elementary school reading success, previous research indicates that PA intervention does not demonstrate long term effects on reading. The theory of automaticity was the underlying foundation used to understand the importance of…