Campus shootings have impacted campuses across the United States for almost two centuries. Between 2015 and 2016, at least three historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) experienced multiple shootings where students were killed in each incident. This qualitative comparative case study used secondary data to explore the similarities and…

Research in the field of out-of-school suspension and expulsion in K-12 public schools is limited when focusing on violence, due process, weapons, drugs and alcohol, and search and seizure. Understanding the role of an administrator when dealing with out-of-school suspension an expulsion led the researcher to develop the following question: What…

Zero-tolerance policies have a short yet prolific history in American schools. Originally developed by the U.S. Customs Agency, zero tolerance was intended to target a rapidly growing drug trade. Most schools began adopting these policies in response to The Gun Free Schools Act of 1994. This mandate requires all state education agencies to develop…