High poverty and low student performance have been connected for many years, and it has been established that poor children are more likely to have ineffective classroom teachers. Research confirms that economically disadvantaged students frequently have teachers who do not have standard teaching certificates. The problem addressed in this…

There is currently limited research detailing the effects of teacher greetings on increasing on-task behavior at a class-wide level in the general education setting. Teacher greetings are used as a feasible and effective classroom management strategy to improve rapport between students and teachers, increase on-task behavior, and reduce disruptive…

Research continues to study the types of professional development models and the structures which are necessary to impact student outcomes (Darling-Hammond, 1997; Guskey, 2000; Liberman, 1995) to implement educational improvements driven by leadership and policy makers. The diversity of options for implementation paired with sheer volume of…

This quantitative, nonexperimental study used Bronfenbrenner's process-person-context-time (PPCT) model to determine if mathematics scores of underprivileged, minority third- and fourth-grade students attending an inner-city school in a Central Oklahoma school district differed between their traditional 2018-2019 school year and post-lockdown…

The purpose of this descriptive correlational quantitative study was to examine contributing factors of students and teachers affecting teacher self-efficacy and students' reading achievement in rural Oklahoma elementary schools in grades first through fifth. The contributing factors of students being analyzed included (a) poverty and (b) race or…

Purpose and Method of Study: The purpose of this causal-comparative quantitative study was to investigate the effect of classroom audio distribution (CAD) technology implementation on the percentage of elementary school students in special education as a potential strategy to improve the learning process for at-risk students. Fourteen K-5 and K-6…

The target of this qualitative case study was to discern the effectiveness of principals' servant leadership style in retaining elementary school teachers in two rural elementary schools in Oklahoma. Research shows that a great model of leadership to choose as an administrator is that of a servant leader. Servant leadership makes sure that the…

The volume of teachers leaving the educational field is ever-pervasive across schools in the United States (Carver-Thomas & Darling-Hammond, 2019). Researchers have been highlighting the causes and implications of teacher attrition and mobility for decades (Bobbit et al., 1991; Carver-Thomas & Darling-Hammond, 2019; Ingersoll, 2001;…

The qualitative case study explores the perceptions of career teachers who choose to work in high attrition elementary school sites, despite the high teacher turnover and critical teacher shortage. Using the Motivation-Hygiene (Two-Factor) theory, proposed by Frederick Herzberg, Bernard Mausner, and Barbara Block Snyderman in their study The…

The present study evaluated the effects and interaction of item set size and instructional time on students' fluency growth rates with multiplication facts over time when using an Explicit Timing intervention. The first goal was to determine an interaction between set size and instructional time across time that would influence the fluency growth…

The purpose of the study was to develop a preliminary instrument to ascertain the perceived competence, autonomy, and relatedness of special education paraprofessionals in elementary physical education. The Physical Education Competence Scale for Paraprofessionals (PECSP) was created from a list of paraprofessional competencies and with expert…

Academic letter grades may potentially encourage or discourage Cherokee students from doing well in school and seeking advanced degrees beyond secondary school. Cherokee Nation has just over 100 public school districts located inside the reservation boundaries, in which more than 200,000 students are being served daily, with nearly 32,000 being…

Reading is one of the primary goals of the early elementary grades. When students start to struggle with this complex skill, educators and parents search for solutions to rectify quickly mounting gaps before a child falls too far behind. In the State of Oklahoma, lawmakers have passed a law requiring mandatory 3rd grade retention for students who…

This qualitative descriptive study investigated general education teachers' descriptions of inclusion strategies in rural Oklahoma public schools. The research was grounded in Social Cognitive Theory. Using convenience sampling, nineteen K-12 general education teachers from rural school districts were selected as participants. Research questions…

This mixed methods study focused on the mathematical knowledge for teaching among primary mathematics teachers at an Oklahoma elementary school. A need for this study was determined by the lack of student achievement in primary mathematics at this elementary school. The study consisted of quantitative data collection in the form of two…