Despite a culture with cooperation as a core value, (Nagao, Takashi, & Okuda, 2011) Japanese higher education generally uses rigid lecture-test teaching models that neither support nor condone small-group learning methods in the classroom. As a result, Japanese college students usually work outside the classroom to develop the collaborative…

Current theoretical models of distance learning are driven by two impetuses: a technical CMC element, and a pedagogical foundation rooted strongly in the Western world, and driven by social constructivism. By and large these models have been exported throughout the world as-is. However, previous research has hinted at potential problems with these…

This study explores collaborative online learning experiences of Japanese in-service teachers. Since 2009, Japanese teachers are required to take 30-hour of mandatory professional development seminars every 10 years. It has been four years since the seminars were required and one third of Japanese teachers choose to take those seminars via…