In attempting to adopt characteristics of free schools, the public schools adopted teaching methods. This attempt failed to caputre the essence of free schools because what was innovative about them was political--changes in administration and organization--rather than pedagogical. (Author/IRT)

States some of the problems caused by bureaucracy in urban schools such as institutional complexity and overload, goal displacement, deficiencies in communication and decisionmaking processes, and social and psychological distances between client and institution. (JF)