Discusses contributions to the sciences by women. Contends that, even though women were excluded from higher education in the nineteenth century, they participated in noninstitutional forms of higher learning. Describes encyclopedias developed by women during this period that indicate a high level of science understanding. (CFR)

Discusses the heuristic value of John Meyer's social theory on citizenship, education, and the nation state in relation to Fritz Ringer's three dimensions of education. Suggests that national differences correspond to differences in centralized or decentralized education policies. (CFR)

Describes the changing role of schools and schooling among Dutch middle and upper middle class adolescents in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Discusses the evolution from home schooling in the early 1800s to boarding schools for a small portion of the school-age population to secondary girls' schools for most females between 1867 and 1900.…