In sociolinguistic contexts where standardized languages coexist with regional dialects, the study of differential item functioning is a valuable tool for examining certain linguistic uses or varieties as threats to score validity. From an ecological perspective, this paper describes three stages in the study of differential item functioning…

This paper examines (1) teacher candidates' knowledge of recent migration trends and language accreditation policies, (2) their attitudes towards language testing for migration, and (3) changes in their perceptions after exposure to training and migrant testimonies. Conducted over two years (2021-2023), this mixed-methods study involved 395…

To investigate whether the type of keyboard used in exams introduces any construct-irrelevant variance to the TOEFL iBT Writing scores, we surveyed 17,040 TOEFL iBT examinees from 24 countries on their keyboard-related perceptions and preferences and analyzed the survey responses together with their test scores. Results suggest that controlling…