Second-grade students were divided into groups subjected to three programs namely, Direct Instruction, Open Court and literature based program, in order to determine the effectiveness of the three programs. The results indicated that the Open Court and Direct Instruction programs did not improve the children's reading.

Describes the reading and writing progress of one second-grade student. He moved from writing impersonal narratives to personal tales in which he created a role/self image, and he learned to see himself in literature. Eventually he learned to write to a specific audience as well. (SKC)