Middle managers (n=58) were presented with three check lists containing effective and ineffective managerial traits. Each manager was asked to describe a superior, a peer, and a subordinate. Multidimensional scaling solutions were then calculated from these check list data. Ratings, obtained on five properties, were used to interpret the…

Proposes a conceptual framework for the examination of alcohol and drug use as employee responses to work environments. Discusses three sets of substance abuse antecedents: distancing forces, attractions, and constraints. Provides examples of these antecedents within the organizational setting and explores the dynamic interrelationships among…

A survey of 840 employees received 273 responses (43 percent from managers/executives) demonstrating that the importance placed on work and career and perceptions of motivating job characteristics were significantly related to 3 aspects of motivation: career identity, insight, and resilience. Other significant variables were managerial support,…

Three longitudinal studies investigated the usefulness of distinguishing among employees' affective commitments to the organization, the supervisor, and the work group. Study 1, with 199 employees from various organizations, found that affective commitments to these entities were factorially distinct and related differentially to their theorized…