Describes studies that investigate how labeling and stigmatization of the elderly might contribute to behavior that would confirm prevalent stereotypes of old age and lead to lowered self esteem and diminished feelings of control. Also discusses suggested strategies for social change. (Author/GC)

Examines the effects of group membership on group members' concerns about justice. Two types of effects are hypothesized to exist: inclusionary and exclusionary. Inclusionary effects involve the relationship between groups and their members. Exclusionary effects involve the relationship of groups to nonmembers. Data indicate that inclusionary…

Professions that provide services to people with disabilities typically do so from a clinical perspective. Yet in areas such as education and residential policy, clinical judgment is limited by the influences of nonclinical forces, such as economics, bureaucratic exigency, politics, service traditions, and societal prejudice. (Author/BJV)