In Germany, students are streamed at age ten into an academic or nonacademic track. We demonstrate that the randomly allocated disadvantage of being born just before as opposed to just after the cutoff date for school entry leads to substantially different schooling experiences. Relatively young students are initially only two-thirds as likely to…

Transcript data from the National Longitudinal Study confirmed economic returns for bachelor's degrees and found indirect returns for associate degrees and certificates. Those who enroll in but fail to complete postsecondary education have earnings comparable to high school graduates. Fundamental differences in labor markets for college graduates…

Earnings data show that Indonesian males have significantly lower returns to education than females, especially at diploma and secondary vocational levels. Indonesian women have acquired secondary and postsecondary education in greater numbers. Greater returns to schooling also appear for older cohorts. (SK)