In general, the study confirmed the prediction that learning of a discrimination under punishment or a reward-punishment condition is superior to that under reward alone. (Authors)

Twenty first-grade children were given 28 trial tetrads, each of which included three single reward presentations followed by a test between two reward values. Results demonstrated that the experimentally controlled familiarization monotonically depressed the preference value of the high reward within trial tetrads, as well as across trials.…

Although children given tangible reward performed better than children given intangible reward, neither type of reward had an effect that was significantly different from the level attained by a control group which received no explicit reward at all. (Authors)

It was hypothesized that an enhancement of goal objects would occur for children who were frustrated from receiving these goal objects. Three dependent measures were used to measure the frustration effects: size estimation, verbal evaluation, and selective attention. (Author)

Examines the relationship between probability learning and aging by studying the performance of 48 young and 48 old adults in a probability learning task which used different reinforcement procedures and material rewards. (CM)