This study indicates that social drive and valence theories of social reinforcement cannot adequately account for the results of three different measures of reinforcer efficacy (accuracy, rate, and persistence). Suggests that activation/arousal theories provide a better basis for behavior modification. (BH)

Examined the effect of monetary incentives on word list memory. Subjects were 72 children from grades 4, 6, and 8. (BD)

Presents a study of the efficacy of using reinforcement versus cognitive conflict in producing changes in the moral judgments of ninth grade subjects. (BD/BR)

Examines the differential effectiveness of using external reinforcement versus self reinforcement to increase the task persistence of children characterized by internal or external locus of control. Subjects were 153 fourth and fifth grade boys. (BD)

Results of an experiment with preschoolers and adolescents indicated that aggression by females toward females was relatively stable over age, while aggression by males toward other males increased markedly. The implication of findings for reinforcement explanations of sex differences in aggression are discussed. (Author/SB)