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| Functional Literacy | 2 |
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| Cost Effectiveness | 1 |
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| Journal of Education | 2 |
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Peer reviewedGee, James Paul – Journal of Education, 1988
Any use of language involves the following interlocking systems: (1) referential; (2) contextualization; and (3) ideology. These together constitute culturally viable "discourse systems." Examination of these systems as they operate in daily contexts reveals a paradox in the concept of literacy. (Author/BJV)
Descriptors: Cultural Context, Cultural Differences, Definitions, Discourse Analysis
Peer reviewedCarlson, Dennis L. – Journal of Education, 1989
Discusses recent curricular and instructional reforms, collectively called basic skills restructuring, that have developed in urban schools. Discusses these reforms as a response to various crisis tendencies in the operation of schools by dominant power groups. Discusses the causes and effects of top-down curricular reform initiatives. (JS)
Descriptors: Basic Skills, Cost Effectiveness, Curriculum Development, Curriculum Problems
