This study examines the career actions of college athletes and factors influencing the process by integrating the concept of goal setting in a social cognitive career self-management model. The author used a questionnaire survey to collect data. In total, 675 valid questionnaires were returned. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results show that our career action model for college athletes has an acceptable fit with the sample data. The results reveal that career self-efficacy, outcome expectations, career goals, career barriers, and goal adjustment are keys in college athletes' career actions. The findings can serve as a reference to develop career counseling strategies for college athletes. This study not only expands the scope of research on career development counseling for athletes, but also increases the applicability and explanatory power of CSM theory.