Industry benefits from technology transfer by becoming aware of cutting edge developments, having a pool of experienced candidates, and furthering universities understanding of industry. Universities benefit from diversified funding, exposure to real-world problems, and access to facilities and equipment. Challenges include intellectual property…

Since the British government began allowing universities to exploit the products of their research, universities have developed cash reward systems for inventors. For many researchers, job satisfaction and peer recognition appear more important than monetary rewards. The money is often reinvested in further research. (SK)

Benefits of university research include knowledge for government and industry; education of professionals for industry and education; creation of new technologies, industries, and jobs; technology transfer; and access to research. (SK)

Benefits of learning from experience may not materialize without the ability to order it into understandable patterns and apply theoretical frameworks. College professors regularly practice experimentation, reflection, and theorization and thus could facilitate experiential learning for others. (SK)

A master agreement to formalize university-industry cooperation can conflict with patent policies and intellectual property protection. Agreements should allow protection for sources of competitive advantage and focus on university core competencies. (SK)

Business/industry and academic/scientific values sometimes clash during collaborative research, for example, in limitations on free publication of results and the influence of money on the research agenda. A framework that maximizes mutual benefits and limits the potential for damage can resolve some of these conflicts. (SK)

Discusses technology transfer through the channel of international students and four types of transfer (knowledge, expertise, invention, and equipment). Raises questions about the appropriateness of what is taught to foreign students and its relevance to their home countries. (SK)

Sets forth guidelines for assessing the economic impact of university research and development and identifies what may become the roles and responsibilities of technology transfer officers in the assessment process. (Author/JOW)

France and the United Kingdom have similar programs for technology transfer and applications of scientific research. There is great potential for them to combine efforts and work with companies on regional, national, and European strategies for the use of technological innovations. (SK)

Technology transfer is part of a larger system of knowledge creation, application, and communication between universities and their communities. Industry-university cooperation must be considered within the broader context of regional development in order to realize the potential of technology transfer. (SK)

In contrast to the knowledge flows model (one-way from research to innovation), the triple-helix model has interlocking spheres of university, government, and industry with overlapping roles. Massachusetts Institute of Technology is an example of the emerging entrepreneurial university being transformed by the "second academic…

In Australia, Cooperative Research Centres strengthen linkages between universities as producers and industry as users of research. Shifting perspectives on the functions of universities, industry, and government are driven by the need for wealth creation, global competitiveness, and optimum linkages between research and commercialization. (SK)