This article explores citizenship's multiple meanings in Los Angeles by describing five different types of Americanization, or immigrant education, in the city of angels from 1910 to 1940. The federal racialization of access to citizenship influenced these alternative approaches to Americanization at a local level. In the context of Supreme Court…

In 1942 the U.S. government evacuated more than 110,000 Japanese Americans from their homes and placed them in relocation centers. This article talks about the more than 4,000 Japanese American students who were allowed to leave the centers to study in colleges and universities throughout the United States. (RM)

Describes the English-only effort in the Territory of Hawaii that typified the Americanization crusade that swept the United States during and after World War I. Asserts that, although the Americanizers focused on southern and eastern Europeans on the mainland, the focus on Japanese in Hawaii added overtones of racial and political discrimination.…