Increasingly across sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe, schools paired training in behaviour with traditional instruction in reading and writing. Not only did the Council of Trent highlight the importance of training children in Christian comportment, but theological and philosophical tracts argued that the senses, rather than reason,…

This article focuses on the controversies surrounding a statue in the Dutch city of Tilburg: the public representation of a nineteenth-century missionary and a kneeling African Surinamese person with leprosy. To understand the current tensions over the statue, the concept of historical consciousness as part of the Dutch changing historical culture…

This paper concerns the 'education fever' that marked the early Korean immigrant community's private schooling initiatives in territorial Hawai'i (1898-1959). Drawing on the cases of two Korean private schools -- the Korean Central School and the Korean Christian Institute -- the paper examines the tensions and conflicts between white American…

The transition from traditional to modern educational practices in China marks a significant area of interest in educational history. This article focuses on the "Educational Review," an English-language periodical launched and circulated by Christian missionaries in early twentieth-century China. Utilising statistical, classificatory…

The accredited secondary school enrolment system, which originated from the certificate enrolment system of American universities in the 1870s, was the main enrolment method of Christian universities in modern China. This study mainly uses methods of literature and comparison. It focuses on the design and implementation of the system, including…

The Christian Council was at the heart of promoting sex education in Ghana in the mid-twentieth century, through its own institutions and through schools. It was responding to perceived and real shifts in Ghanaian society, and the need to control sexuality, as the nation pushed for 'modernity', whilst some worried about the loss of 'tradition'.…

In recent years, many scholars have drawn a distinction between procedural and programmatic secularism. Procedural secularists seek to build communities wherein 'competing concepts of the good life' are afforded opportunities for expression. Programmatic secularists seek to limit the influence of religion within the public sphere. The 1870…

While Fiji was a British colony, in the early twentieth century, education to Indigenous Fijians was delivered by missions including the Methodist Overseas Mission of Australasia. As argued here, education delivery was influenced by policies for African Americans. Policies from Tuskegee Institute in the American South were transposed to Nausori,…

This article addresses the life and educational thinking of Victor Lytton, second Earl of Lytton, who not only involved himself in a wide number of social causes but was instrumental in contributing to the development of progressive education in the early decades of the twentieth century. This he did through his work with the New Ideals in…

The Portuguese policies of colonisation and Christianisation were closely linked. In 1549, the Portuguese monarchy adopted Catholicism as the official religion of the colonial administration and requested that the Society of Jesus establish the Catholic faith among the indigenous people in Brazil. The Jesuits established catechesis, founded the…

This article argues that the history of mass education as it was written in Great Britain between 1870 and 1914 became an important site for debating what it meant to be British and the nature of progress. In particular, it explores different perspectives on when and where to begin a history of mass education, whom or what to make central to it,…

'Christian pyrexia' and 'education fever' have contributed greatly to the empowerment of women in Korea and helped with the transformation of Korean society more broadly. This article begins with an overview of the Confucian gender constructs and delimiting social expectations of women in the pre-modern period. It then focuses on the changing…

This article reveals that, contrary to common knowledge, schooling for Indigenous and non-Indigenous children in British Columbia -- Canada's westernmost province -- was not strictly segregated in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Officially, government policy stipulated that Indigenous children should attend separate day and…

This article explores the process of the formation of "the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church" through focusing on disagreements amongst its promoters. It demonstrates that a discrepancy existed in the opinions of Anglican promoters concerning what an Anglican national…

The origins of the charitable status of elite schools in England is a neglected topic. This article reconstructs the debate on the funding of schools which led to the establishment of the Charity Commission in 1853 and argues that it was the obdurate refusal of the Anglican Church to surrender its control of secondary education which first delayed…