The problem of measuring efficiency in higher education is of increasing importance due to changes in socioeconomic conditions and rising enrollment rates. Problems of definition are discussed that occur in comparative studies of efficiency. Illustrations are drawn from formulations of the problem in several countries with different socioeconomic…

In contrast to Western professors, those in Japan have tended to emphasize the local university-centered components of their professorial roles. In recent years, however, many Japanese professors have shifted their energies away from these university-centered components to become "professional" in the Western sense or otherwise more…