Algebra I is a crucial course for middle and high school students for successful STEM related coursework. A key issue is whether students should take Algebra I in 8th versus 9th grade. Large-scale policy studies show conflicting results, and there are few (particularly longitudinal) individual difference studies. Here, 53 students were assessed in…

The authors explored trajectories of perceived discrimination over a 6-year period (five assessments in 6th-11th grade) in relation to academic, behavioral, and psychological adjustment in 8th and 11th grades. They distinguished discrimination from adults versus peers in addition to overt versus covert discrimination from peers. The sample…