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Direct linkNicole Patton Terry; Brandy Gatlin-Nash; Mi-Young Webb; S. Rebecca Summy; Rhonda Raines – Grantee Submission, 2023
Nearly 30 years ago, Chall, Jacobs, and Baldwin (1990) introduced the "fourth-grade slump" to describe the unexpected deceleration of reading skills between first and fourth grades among children growing up in poverty and low-income households. Advances in our understanding of reading development and how race, racism, or other forms of…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Blacks, African American Students, Grade 1
