Years ago, before smoking was passé, Virginia Slims cigarettes had the marketing slogan: "We've come a long way baby." Now women must ask themselves if, in fact, they really have advanced. The question is what have we learned throughout the last several decades, maybe even last two or three centuries. Unfortunately, some of that learning…

Primary education is one of the basic human rights and is considered essential for the economic growth and development of a country. However, in certain countries including Pakistan, this basic right is not appropriately recognized or encouraged. In Pakistan's patricidal society, educating girls, who are marginalized and not provided the same…

The philosophical anthropologist Dorothy Dinnerstein, in her 1976 work "The Mermaid and the Minotaur: Sexual Arrangements and Human Malaise," argued that in order for us to address the excesses of male-dominated rule in society (militarism, rapacious consumerism), we must attack the root cause of patriarchy--women's domination of early…

The objective of this research is to discuss how Sociology contributes to identify "the experience of the unconscious gender bias" against female scientists and to assess its impact on their career development. This research is at the first stage of three-year research project. The final aim of this research is to identify the social…

The gender wage gap in the United States is a well-documented social and economic phenomenon. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 has done little to bring parity between men's and women's wages. Existing data show a relationship between race, age, geography, immigration, education, and women's pay status. This study analyzes wage disparity within higher…

Despite gains overall, women are still under-represented in leadership positions in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Data in the US suggest around one-quarter of deans and department heads are women; in science this drops to nearly 1 in 20. Part of this problem of under-representation stems from the population pool:…

While infanticide or sex selective abortion in rural areas of the world may seem to have little to do with a famous musician who is a domestic abuser from the first world who avoids criminal punishment while being applauded and glamourized, the message going out to girls is consistent: they are not valued in the same way that boys are. In order to…

This study examines the perceptions of female faculty members in higher education to ascertain their views regarding gender bias in the workplace. A questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants regarding their beliefs of the value and productivity of their work, possible disparity in treatment based on gender, constraints put on…

Virginia Woolf wrote that "the history of men's opposition to women's emancipation is more interesting perhaps than the story of that emancipation itself." Analyzing men's resistance remains relevant to understanding gendered hierarchies, including those in academia. Recently, when women academics brought a human rights complaint against…

Title IX of the Education Reformation Act was passed in 1972 for the purpose of providing equality between males and females in intercollegiate sports. Since its inception the disparity between men's and women's varsity athletics programs has persisted throughout American colleges and universities. Discrimination and equal protection concerns…

This research study explores the various and complex perspectives of higher education's relationships to society as shared through discourse by higher education policy leaders. Leaders' perspectives from 250 university presidents, legislators, faculty, community partners, foundation officers and graduate students during a twelve day national…

Despite the almost equal proportion of females to males who receive doctoral degrees in the U.S., women remain underrepresented in senior positions--faculty and administrative--in institutions of higher education. Unlike the more blatant discrimination extant before the era of civil rights legislation, barriers today are less obvious to the…

An extensive body of research indicates a significant correlation between gender equality and the level of economic and social development of a country. Gender inequities have been found to influence the way members of the family spend their time and resources. Evidence suggests that women with more control over resources will spend more money on…

Faculty concerns over gender inequities surfaced in 2005-2006 at Franklin & Marshall College after new policies relating to childbirth and adoption and tenure clock stoppage were instituted two years prior. These structural changes were empowering and gave women faculty a sense that other meaningful changes were achievable, leading to renewed…

Much has been written about the trials and tribulations of junior tenure-track faculty; much has also been written about the difficulties faced by women and minority faculty. However, there is very little research about the experiences of minority women faculty who are also tenure-earning, but untenured; what little research does exist tends to…