Although prior knowledge is an important predictor of future performance in mathematics, few studies have analyzed which areas of the subject are most critical. Most evidence is based on small- and medium-scale studies from developed countries, with results that cannot be generalized. We explore which areas of mathematics are the most important…

To determine whether formative writing assessments that are directly tied to everyday classroom teaching and learning enhance students' writing performance, we conducted a meta-analysis of true and quasi-experiments conducted with students in grades 1 to 8. We found that feedback to students about writing from adults, peers, self, and computers…

Identified preferred writing topics for 600 students in grades, 4, 6, and 8 and gender markers used to identify authors of 9 stories written by other students. Found that students situated girls' writing within primary territory; viewed girls as more competent, conscientious writers than boys; and associated the presence of violence with male…