Discusses the development of Japanese elementary education in the context of three periods of its history. Considers salient characteristics of Japanese elementary schools and teaching procedures; these include curriculum; social and moral education; classroom environment; teachers; afterschool classes; college entrance examinations; the kyoiku…

Analyzed how computation is developed in three Japanese primary-grade textbook series by focusing on differences in presentation. Found that goals are similar but the methods and materials of presentation are very different, and that a much higher level of computational facility at the end of grade three is expected of Japanese students than of…