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Kelly, Sean; Monczunski, Laura – Educational Researcher, 2007
Traditionally, state accountability systems have measured school-level achievement gains using cross-sectional data, for example, by comparing scores of one year's eighth graders to scores of the next year's eighth graders. This approach produces extremely volatile estimates of value added from year to year. This volatility suggests that the…
Descriptors: Middle Schools, Achievement Gains, Standardized Tests, Academic Achievement