A recognition of pradigmatic diversity and the contribution of multiple paradigms to planning greatly enriches both theory and practice. This analysis groups planning definitions into two general models, associates both with hard and soft systems thinking, and examines conceptual roots. The interpretive/humanist paradigm often highlights…

Presents a model of the planning process that may serve as a conceptual frame for educational planning. Suggests that a sound model of the educational planning process is needed to generate comparative empirical research needed by planners and students of planning. (Author/JH)

Draws on U.S. and international research to analyze the models, strategies, and processes used in implementing and sustaining educational reforms and innovations at the classroom level. There are some promising directions: a trend away from a macro policy focus to examining building- and classroom-level innovations, a shift from innovation…

Clarifies concept of educational quality from international perspective, provides an illustrative range of definitions, and examines some difficulties in implementing "quality" for assessment and planning purposes. Defining quality is linked to the diversity, conflicts, and power divisions within society. Full consensus on the specifics…