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Samples, Bob – Educational Leadership, 1992
Jerome Bruner identified three major ways of knowing: iconic, enactive, and symbolic. Schooling has been dominantly framed in the symbolic, and intelligence and achievement were measured in this realm. Gregory Bateson, concerned with mind-nature separation, differentiated between the map (a human-made abstraction) and the territory (the natural…
Descriptors: Cognitive Structures, Elementary Secondary Education, Holistic Approach, Intelligence