A research project team studied schools in Washington, Ohio, Illinois, and Wisconsin to investigate the scope of a leader's responsibilities and identified seven common functions of leadership. The study revealed that understanding and delivering what the school needed was the principal's core job.

In 1984, the faculty of an Ohio inner-city high school was charged by district administrators with developing a school improvement plan to involve teachers in decision-making. The result was a faculty senate, complemented by a curriculum council. Yearly plans and five-year goals were also instituted, along with a changing role for the principal.…