To gauge the variability in expert problem-solving strategies for stoichiometry problems, a set of experts in different career tracks were studied with the cohort including 17 graduate students in chemistry, three college chemistry instructors, and seven college graduates working in the industry. The goal of the study was to determine whether…

The purpose of this randomized experimental study is to apply two socio-cognitive models to understand possible ways to improve students' learning outcomes in an online introductory chemistry learning environment. Specifically, the social presence theory suggested that students' sense of relatedness and learning motivation can be increased by a…