The intentions of this discussion are to reflect on the stereotypic views of pain, look at ways of reconciling these seemingly antipodal postitions, and finally recommend a model for describing the functions that can be served by psychiatry and pastoral counseling for helping the individual achieve self-fulfillment. (Author)

One of the criticisms of the existential approach to counseling is that it is more philosophical than empirical. Those who believe it is a valid approach do not reject technique but go beyond the constraints of strict adherence to create an atmosphere of lived, shared humanity. (PAS)

Considers various ways that values enter into counseling or psychotherapy, with particular attention to goals of the process and methods or procedures by which counselor or therapist implements process. Suggests approach to counseling and psychotherapy that recognizes and incorporates values basic to democratic philosophy and the goal of…

Evidence suggests that community service programs can instill values and nurture development of positive personality and behavioral characteristics. This study sought to determine the effects of participation in community service activities on the personality development of high school students. Quantitative analysis yielded limited evidence of…

The concept of personality integration and effective personal functioning was investigated from a systems theory perspective by studying participants from divergent subcultural groups. Results indicate that process dimensions of complexity and openness do differentiate between highly integrated and control group participants across subcultures…

Survey findings indicate that the religious value structure of students does not change radically during their freshman year of college. Freshman students seem to be in a process of examining and clarifying their religious views, and some are exploring social opportunities rather than placing emphasis on religious practice. (Author)

A study of college students showed those who consider themselves religious have higher locus of control and low alienation. These positive mental health factors may assist counselors in helping clients be aware of their own inner resources by tapping both psychological and theological aspects. (JAC)