Environmental manipulation is a technique that can be utilized by counselors to supplement regular counseling activities. One expression of this technique involves working with that environment of the student which comprises other students, teachers and administrators. Other methods and results are discussed. (Author)

Examines the emerging professional specialty of Christian counseling in light of its development, theoretical underpinning, training, and roles. Also examines the various approaches to Christian counseling and presents a rationale for classifying Christian counseling as a separate specialty. (Contains 32 references.) (Author/GCP)

Are the behaviors that constitute the essential features of behavior counseling consistent with the principles of behaviorism that form the substratum for a behavioral counseling approach? The author maintains they are not and presents his arguments in this article. (Author)

Synergism, as it relates to counseling, refers to the dynamic interaction between an individual and his environment. Presented in this special issue is a series of articles discussing the various implications of this concept for several aspects of counseling. (RP)

Suggests that a condition of "negative spirituality" underlies and sustains alcoholism and perhaps all addictions. Argues that a secure recovery is not possible unless a "spiritual awakening," such as envisioned by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), is achieved. A broadly applicable conceptual model of spirituality is inferred from the…

Introduces some of the tests of body, mind, and spirit that an Indian traditional seeker of spirit power must endure and the context in which these exercises are experienced. Explores aspects of spirituality and refers to aspects of cross-cultural counseling that may be both helpful and culturally and spiritually congruent. (RJM)

Although little empirical or procedural evidence substantiates this viewpoint, this paper contends that pastoral psychotherapy can and should be unique because the ordained pastor is both a theologian and a representative of the church and, therefore, operates within the context of a community of faith. Challenges pastoral psychotherapists to…

Examines spirituality's importance in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Considers how spirituality, as representative of how one views the world and his or her role in creation, may relieve professional counselors' apprehension about inserting a "theology" into treatment. Provides a brief history of alcoholism treatment and a…

Identifies two issues pertaining to professional status (theological and psychological) of pastoral counseling: dilemma between humanistic values of psychotherapeutic community and theological values of the religious community; and the need for pastoral counselors to articulate the empirical distinctiveness of their practice. Recommends…