This article introduces 3 major factors of K. Wilber's (1999b) "all-quadrants, all-levels" model of defenses: the category of defense, the level of self development and defense, and the threat zone against which the self is defending. Through theoretical discussion and select clinical examples differentiating healthy and unhealthy expressions of…

Discusses the presence and power of the spiritual content in the counseling process and in the attainment of optimum wellness. Spirituality and spiritual wellness are defined and the intrinsic nature of spirituality is discussed in the context of Rogers's and Maslow's self-actualization theories as well as the importance of optimum psychological…

One of the criticisms of the existential approach to counseling is that it is more philosophical than empirical. Those who believe it is a valid approach do not reject technique but go beyond the constraints of strict adherence to create an atmosphere of lived, shared humanity. (PAS)