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| Black Attitudes | 3 |
| Blacks | 3 |
| Identification (Psychology) | 3 |
| Racial Identification | 3 |
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| Counseling Psychologist | 3 |
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| Journal Articles | 3 |
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Peer reviewedSmith, Elsie M. J. – Counseling Psychologist, 1989
Comments on two opening articles by Parham ("Cycles of Psychological Nigrescence") and Helms ("Considering Some Methodological Issues in Racial Identity Counseling Research"). Suggests that the connotations of victimization and racial conflict in the concept of "psychological Nigrescence" are obsolete. Offers 11…
Descriptors: Black Attitudes, Blacks, Cultural Differences, Ethnicity
Peer reviewedCross, William E., Jr. – Counseling Psychologist, 1989
Comments on two opening articles by Parham ("Cycles of Psychological Nigrescence") and Helms ("Considering Some Methodological Issues in Racial Identity Counseling Research"). Shows how the Nigrescence process has been a constant of Black history, having evolved in response to the efforts of White slave owners to deracinate…
Descriptors: Black Attitudes, Black Culture, Black History, Blacks
Peer reviewedAkbar, Na'im – Counseling Psychologist, 1989
Responds to two opening articles by Parham ("Cycles of Psychological Nigrescence") and Helms ("Considering Some Methodological Issues in Racial Identity Counseling Research"). Argues that Black or African identity is not a developmental reaction to social oppression, but is a core personality trait, essential to healthy…
Descriptors: Black Attitudes, Black Culture, Blacks, Developmental Psychology
