Citizenship and citizenship education have been topics of considerable debate in many countries over the past 2 decades in both public and academic discourses. Scholars have raised concerns that increasing diversity in multi-cultural societies and globalization challenge current conceptualizations and practices of citizenship. Policy makers and…

Long-term centralization of Thailand's Adult Education Division resulted in a preponderance of urban-oriented curriculum in a country that was 80 percent rural. Beginning in 1976, the World Bank-Thai government's Nonformal Education Development Project facilitated decentralization by sharply increasing rural staff, offering new career…

Analyzes data from Karachi's four largest teacher training schools in order to answer questions about teacher shortages for rural areas in Pakistan, costs of teacher training, and employment status of newly trained teachers. Finds heavy state subsidy of teacher training and a large pool of unemployed urban teachers. (JHZ)

Mateen Thobani's proposal to fund public education in Malawi through increased tuition fees applies inappropriate analytical techniques and fails to address a complex set of political, social, cultural, and economic issues. Policy formulation should stress a basis for dialog instead of pretending neoclassical economic analyses can provide answers.…

A partial equilibrium framework (user charges/government subsidy) analyzes optimal user charges for social services. The framework is applied to Malawi's education sector to formulate policy recommendations for solving problems of high student-teacher ratios and drop-out rates. Malawi's school user fees were increased in 1982 based on this…