Examines religious traditions--Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, and Western Christianity--to see how women were taught and what knowledge was transmitted to them. Notes that women have always had some access to religious knowledge in informal ways but were excluded from formal education once sacred knowledge became transmitted in an…

Covers the history of higher education in Sri Lanka under British colonial rule and after 1948, including establishment of universities and struggles for administrative control of universities by government ministries. (MH)

Examines ideological environment that informed the actions of colonial education policy-makers, and its effects on education made available to Africans and their response to the education offered. Suggests three independent factors are closely involved and make vitally important contributions to the unfolding of colonial educational development,…

In China, lifelong learning has a long history--as a way to prepare for traditional civil examinations, which opened opportunities for social mobility and, later, to train the adult workforce to meet national economic objectives. In Shanghai, adult education has recently become essential for adapting the workforce to rapid economic change, but…

Delineates the political movements and tensions within Austria that thwarted plans for comprehensive schooling and led to a decision in 1982 to abandon the idea of major, structural educational reform. Looks at reasons for the existence of the current selective school system and improvement measures being tried. (JHZ)

Focuses on changes that occurred in the Dutch educational attainment process in a 25-year period, comparing a group of students born around 1940 with a group born around 1965. Discusses implications of educational reforms and changes in the Dutch systems of labor and welfare.

Provides historical background for understanding social changes and the resulting problems facing Japan's schools. Topics include resistance of youth to society and its schools, the breakdown of regional communities, the impact of competition for grades, and the changing role of teachers. (JHZ)

An ethnohistorical study of a small rural elementary school in Trinidad and Tobago during the colonial period (1931-53) examines four ideologies--mental discipline, social efficiency, humanism, and child study--that underlay curriculum planning and pedagogical practices and converged to maintain the colonial state. The postcolonial persistence of…

Explores contributions to educational policy and practice of tensions about and aspirations for the future of Hong Kong. Examines political and economic influences on educational development during five historical periods, 1844-1997. Presents three recent case studies of connections between the "1997 factor" and educational policy,…

Explains a theoretical framework for interpreting educational policy-making and, on the basis of that framework, identifies educational policy makers and policy changes in Hungary in the 1960s and 1970s. Tests the theory by examining controversies about secondary education and the structure of the educational system. (JHZ)

Examines government policies in England and Australia toward nongovernment schools, compares forms of direct and indirect support which such schools and their pupils receive from public funds, and looks at ways in which state aid for nonstate schools has been justified and condemned. (JHZ)

Assesses developments in Chinese vocational education since 1976 and between 1949 and 1976; defines terminology; profiles secondary vocational education alternatives, including secondary specialized schools, workers' training schools, agricultural/vocational high schools, vocational (technical) schools, apprenticeship training, and continuation…

The economic, social, and educational history of the Burakumin--a Japanese minority group--is traced since 1603. The role of Burakumin activism--plus increased national awareness and economic well-being--in promoting economic, social, and educational improvement is reviewed. It is noted that Burakumin progress toward further social and educational…

Describes Chinese government measures taken to popularize education (1949-1977), including literacy campaigns, new types of popular rural schools, the "Youth to the Countryside" program, and aims and practices of the Cultural Revolution. (MH)

Discusses the history of higher education in China, particularly since 1949, and describes the current situation of higher education, including reforms needed and in progress. (MH)