The changing political and security situation in Indonesia since 1949 has made religion a compulsory subject at all educational levels. This paper looks critically at the assumptions underlying this policy. Its scope is limited to administration and control, educational objectives and curriculum, morality and values, and teacher education. (Author)

Identifies major differences and similarities between educational change during Hong Kong's political transition and during postcolonial transitions elsewhere. Notes that parallel operation of multiple education systems in one country is quite common, and that Hong Kong educational reforms began well ahead of political transition. Examines…