The relations among early cumulative medical risk, cumulative environmental risk, attentional control, and brain activation were assessed in 15-16-year-old adolescents who were born preterm. Functional magnetic resonance imaging found frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex activation during an attention task with greater activation of the left…

Differences in the rates of visual information-processing in 8- and 10-year-old reflective and impulsive children were measured. (JMB)

First and fifth graders' incidental free and cued recall were tested after an orienting task in which semantic and acoustic encoding were constrained for different words by requiring the children to answer questions about either the words' meanings or sounds. (Author/JMB)

First and fifth graders sorted cards into two piles based on the orientation of a T figure. Sorting took place in the presence of irrelevant information which did or did not contrast in line slope with the target, or in the absence of irrelevant information. (Author/JMB)

This study examined the general importance of similarity in children's causal reasoning and the relation between similarity and the other principles of causal inference. Participants were 16 boys and 16 girls at each of four grade levels: K, 2, 4, and 6. (Author/JMB)

Results of two experiments on kindergarten children in Japan indicate that young children can, and often do, apply personification as an analogy to animate objects to generate a reasonable prediction. It was also found that children try to constrain the personification by using additional knowledge. (PCB)

A developmental progression in 6-, 8-, and 10-year-old children's use of strategies for gathering information was revealed in a study involving partial recall, total recall, and similarity/difference judgments. When subjects chose stimuli for exposure from an array, older children showed more ability to match strategy to task demands. Strategy…

Results of three experiments suggest that groups of schizophrenic, younger normal, and older normal children used a serial information-processing strategy while performing on a partial report version of a span of apprehension task. Impairment of schizophrenic children on the partial report versions seemed to reflect inefficiencies in the…

Reports two studies whose purpose was to explore the relationship in middle childhood of the child's ability to take the role of another and his ability to make qualitatively higher-level moral judgments. (WY)

Modes of cognition are postulated consisting of third- and fourth-order operations; these are hypothesized to be qualitatively different from, and hierarchically related to, the form of reasoning characterized as formal operational by Inhelder and Piaget. An instrument was developed to assess these modes of cognition. (RH)

In the first experiment, observations were made of children ages four-and-a-half to five-and-a-half years of age who were induced to use counting or matching in a Piagetian number conservation task. The spontaneous matching and counting behavior of a more mature but not yet conserving sample was investigated in the second experiment. (RH)

A total of 48 children from five to six years of age were shown pictures of males and females performing sex-consistent and sex-inconsistent activities. Children were tested a week later for recall of these activities and the sex of the actor performing them. Sex-consistent activities were found to be more memorable than sex-inconsistent…

Children ages 6 to 13 and college students were asked to remember length relationships for three pairs of sticks. For six- and seven-year-olds, relationships between interlinked pairs were much more difficult to retain than were relationships between unrelated pairs. (Author/MP)

Three experiments were conducted to examine normal preschool and retarded children's use of similarity relations (two items go together because overall they are the most similar in a given set of stimuli) or dimensional relations (two items go together because they are the same size) as a predominant basis for classification. (MP)

A chronometric mental rotation paradigm was applied to examine manipulation of visual imagery in early adolescents in relation to age, sex, mental rotation ability, and socioeconomic background. Subjects were fifth- and seventh-grade boys and girls from a middle and lower socioeconomic background. (Author/MP)