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Peer reviewedSonnenschein, Susan – Child Development, 1988
When first, fourth, and fifth grade speakers played a referential communication game with a fictitious listener, they were more likely to give redundant messages to listeners with whom they had no common shared experience or to strangers than to listeners with whom they had shared a previous experience. (RH)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Communication Research, Communication Skills, Elementary Education
Peer reviewedDixon, James A.; Moore, Colleen F. – Child Development, 1990
Examined preschoolers' and second and fifth graders' development of two types of perspective taking: (1) perspective taking based on differences in the information available to two people; and (2) perspective taking based on differences in weighting the same information. (RH)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Cognitive Ability, Comprehension, Elementary School Students
