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Torppa, Minna; Niemi, Pekka; Vasalampi, Kati; Lerkkanen, Marja-Kristiina; Tolvanen, Asko; Poikkeus, Anna-Maija – Child Development, 2020
This study examines associations between leisure reading and reading skills in data of 2,525 students followed from age 7 to 16. As a step further from traditional cross-lagged analysis, a random intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to identify within-person associations of leisure reading (books, magazines, newspapers, and digital…
Descriptors: Leisure Time, Recreational Reading, Reading Skills, Correlation
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Gazelle, Heidi; Rudolph, Karen D. – Child Development, 2004
This investigation tested the person-by-environment hypothesis that the joint influence of behavioral vulnerability (anxious solitude) and interpersonal adversity (peer exclusion) predicts heightened social avoidance and depression over time. The study assessed 519 fifth and sixth graders 3 times during 1 year. Teachers reported social behavior…
Descriptors: Grade 6, Grade 5, Social Behavior, Depression (Psychology)
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Offenbach, Stuart I.; And Others – Child Development, 1984
Examines hypotheses and strategies used by children at the kindergarten, second-, fourth- and sixth-grade levels in making proportional judgements. The task involved 36 trials in which the child had to choose between two groups to obtain a target-color "chip." Results generally conformed to the developmental sequence proposed by Piaget…
Descriptors: Children, Concept Formation, Developmental Stages, Grade 2