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Direct linkChien, Nina C.; Mistry, Rashmita S. – Child Development, 2013
The effects of geographic variations in cost of living and family income on children's academic achievement and social competence in first grade (mean age = 86.9 months) were examined, mediated through material hardship, parental investments, family stress, and school resources. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten…
Descriptors: Geographic Location, Family Income, Economic Climate, Interpersonal Competence
Child Development, 2004
Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care, a prospective, longitudinal study involving 933 children, were used to examine relations between cumulative participation in 5 types of out-of-school care (before- and after-school programs, extracurricular activities, sitters, fathers, and…
Descriptors: Young Children, Extracurricular Activities, Child Care, After School Programs
