With the rapid advances in technology (e.g., the internet, hardware, and software), technology-supported learning environments have widely emerged in K-16 learning and instruction. A survey found that 73% of teachers had their students use smartphones to conduct internet searches, and almost half of students reported using e-readers and tablets to…

This study employs hierarchal linear modeling to examine whether high school grade inflation occurred between 2010 and 2021, including for students who were tested during the pandemic. The study does so while simultaneously accounting for student and school characteristics. This is the first study, to the current authors' knowledge, that makes use…