Protecting the environment is an important topic. In this study, college Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) students engaged in an agentive process of informally learning the Chinese language and culture by watching "The Mermaid" a movie produced in China in 2016, which focuses on sustainability. Informal learning is recognized as one…

This study is framed within Norton's notion of 'investment' to explore the factors influencing teachers' reasons and decisions to participate in continuing professional development (CPD) activities. Data were collected from 522 junior high school teachers in the Central region of Ghana using a survey and in-depth interviews. The findings reveal…

This paper explores student reported informal peer-learning in a business degree cohort at a UK community college. Literature on conceptualisation and debate regarding peer-learning is examined along with established typologies with respect to equality, mutuality and structure. Following this a critical review of evidence-based studies is…

In this study, we examine the association between attending a Non-Formal Learning Center (NLFC) in Sokoto and Bauchi states for at least nine months and reading outcomes for out-of-school children (OOSC) who are mainstreamed into formal schooling by grade 4 (P4). We use Hierarchical Linear Modeling with data from 1,116 pupil Early Grade Reading…

This study applies Activity Theory to describe and analyze an out-of-school project in which eight Chinese university students utilized a massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) to learn English. Based on data collected through questionnaires, gaming journals, gaming recordings and interviews, thematic analysis was performed to identify the…

Aesthetic literacy originates from rich aesthetic experiences, one of the principal ways people gain such experiences is through arts appreciation. Sixty-seven students participated in 119 art appreciation activities at out-of-school public art venues in China. A digital education platform was used to record students' appreciation process. A…

Extramural exposure, through activities such as watching TV, gaming, networking, and online reading, has become an important source of vocabulary acquisition in English as a foreign language, particularly when learners' first language (L1) has many cognates with English. Our study examined extramural vocabulary acquisition of 10th-grade L1…

Biomimetic design is the process of creating innovative ideas inspired by nature. This approach adapts processes of natural organisms to solve design problems and guides design in interior architecture, similar to many other disciplines. This study aims to present the process of implementing the biomimetic approach to interior architectural design…

The use of video streaming services has exploded over the past several years. However, although the use of video is a well-studied topic in computer-assisted language learning literature, the use of video streaming for out-of-class, informal foreign language (FL) learning has received little attention. This study addresses this gap in the…

In 2020, many organizations moved their formal training programs to an online learning context due to COVID-19. Informal learning, which refers to activities that are self-guided and occur independently outside of formal learning contexts has gained significant interest among researchers and practitioners in the past two decades as it has been…

Using the PIAAC data, we show how exposure to various dimensions of nonformal and informal learning relates to the problem-solving capacity in a technology-rich environment for working adults. The sample included permanent staff from various economic sectors, self-employed individuals, and casual employees doing fixed-term contracts (n = 1248)…

Turkey's Ministry of National Education started to establish makerspaces called Design and Skills Labs (DSLs) in every public school across Turkey by 2023. However, public school teachers' qualifications required for DSLs are not clear. This study aimed to find out the necessary competencies for educators in makerspaces, and public school…

As emerging technologies rapidly evolve, language teachers in the 21st century face an increasing challenge in determining how to integrate them into their language classrooms. The existing literature emphasises that a crucial element for successful technology integration is for teachers to hold sufficient proficiency in technology and adopt…

Students' informal science learning experiences are believed to strongly influence their attitudes toward science and their abilities in the subject. Factors associated with students' informal science learning experiences include family socioeconomic status and perceived family support. However, little is known about whether perceived family…

The purpose of this pilot study was to build a theory to investigate how and what university students learn in informal settings of study abroad programs. The authors theorize informal learning as an interactive web of meanings constructed by learners in the process of their interactions. The process involved in constructing a grounded theory…